The Journal of Higher Education and Science - 2020; 10(2) - Current Issue

EDITORIAL | ED�T�R�DEN

Zehra SAF� �Z — 2020-08-01

School Culture as a Predictor of Student Loyalty in a Turkish University | Bir T�rk �niversitesinde ��renci Sadakati Yorday�c�s� Olarak Okul K�lt�r�

Esra TEKEL, Miṫhat KORUMAZ — 2020-08-01

The aim of this study is to determine the regression levels of perceived school culture to university students� loyalty levels. This research is designed in correlational design. School culture is an independent variable, and student loyalty is a dependent variable. The sample of the study consists of 382 university students determined by a stratified sampling method. School Culture Scale and Student Loyalty Scale were used to collect data. According to the findings of the study, the level of student loyalty varies according to faculty type, class level, and taking the course at a regular time. Multiple regression analysis was conducted to determine whether school culture factors predict student loyalty. It was concluded that instructor-student relationship, commitment, structure/process, and support factors predicted 38% of student loyalty, respectively.

Bu �al��man�n amac�, �niversite ��rencilerinin alg�lanan okul k�lt�r� d�zeylerinin ��renci sadakati seviyelerini yordama d�zeylerini belirlemektir. Bu ara�t�rma ili�kisel desende tasarlanm��t�r. Okul k�lt�r� ba��ms�z de�i�ken, ��renci sadakati ba��ml� de�i�kendir. �al��man�n �rneklemini, tabakal� �rnekleme y�ntemi ile belirlenmi� 382 �niversite ��rencisi olu�turmaktad�r. Veri toplamak i�in Okul K�lt�r �l�e�i ve ��renci Sadakat �l�e�i kullan�lm��t�r. Ara�t�rman�n bulgular�na g�re ��renci sadakati d�zeyi fak�lte tipi, s�n�f d�zeyi ve dersi alttan/�stten/d�zenli almaya g�re farkl�la�maktad�r. Okul k�lt�r� fakt�rlerinin ��renci sadakatini yorday�p yordamad��n� belirlemek i�in �oklu regresyon analizi yap�lm�� ve s�ras�yla ��retim eleman�-��renci ili�kisi, ba�l�l�k, yap�/i�leyi� ve destek fakt�rlerinin ��renci sadakatinin %38�ini yordad�� sonucuna ula��lm��t�r.

Analysis of Post-Graduate Theses Conducted in Turkey about Distance Education of the Disabled Individuals | T�rkiye�de Engelli Bireylerin Uzaktan E�itimi Konusunda Yap�lan Lisans�st� Tezlerin �ncelenmesi

Sinem KARABEY, Zeynep TURAN, M. Emre KESK�N, Vecihi Y��T — 2020-08-01

The purpose of this study is to analyze the post-graduate theses conducted in Turkey about distance education of the disabled individuals in terms of methodological trends, type of the study, examined disability types, subjects, course areas, and variable types. For this purpose, post-graduate theses listed in national theses database centers of Council of Higher Education of Turkey were reviewed, and as a result of this review, 14 post-graduate theses were analyzed. The content analysis method was used as a research methodology in this study. Theses downloaded from the national theses database center were analyzed using the analysis forms prepared by the researchers. Consequently, it was observed that the first thesis about the distance education of the disabled individuals was conducted in 1986, and there was a slight increase in the number of theses during the 2000�s. Besides, it was observed that quantitative and qualitative research methods were mostly used in the theses. It was also determined that the sample groups of the studies were mostly formed by mentally disabled individuals. It was found that the theses were mostly at the master of science level and mostly conducted in computer science departments. In addition to this, it was seen that the studies were mostly conducted in Trakya and Anadolu Universities. Finally, as a result of this study, it was found that the number of studies about the distance education of disabled individuals was low, and some suggestions were made for the interested researchers.

Bu �al��man�n amac� T�rkiye�de engelli bireylerin uzaktan e�itimi konusunda yap�lan lisans�st� tezlerin y�ntemsel e�ilimlerini, t�rlerini, tezlerde incelenen engel durumlar�n�, konular�n�, ders alan� ve de�i�ken t�rlerini belirlemektir. Bu ama�la T�rkiye Y�ksek��retim Kurulu Ba�kanl�� (Y�K) ulusal tez merkezinde yer alan lisans�st� tezler taranm�� ve on d�rt adet lisans�st� tez analiz edilmi�tir. ��erik analizi y�nteminin kullan�ld�� bu �al��mada ulusal tez merkezinden indirilen lisans�st� tezler ara�t�rmac�lar taraf�ndan haz�rlanan analiz formu kullan�larak analiz edildi. �al��ma sonucunda, engellilerin uzaktan e�itimi ile ilgili yap�lan ilk tezin 1986 y�l�na ait oldu�u ve 2000�li y�llarda az da olsa tez say�s�n�n artt�� g�r�lmektedir. �ncelenen tezlerde en �ok nitel ve nicel ara�t�rma y�ntemlerinin kullan�ld�� belirlenmi�tir. Tezlerin �rneklem grubunu ise en �ok zihinsel engelli bireylerin olu�turdu�u tespit edildi. �ncelenen tezlerin en �ok y�ksek lisans tezi d�zeyinde ve bilgisayar m�hendisli�i anabilim dal� b�nyesinde ger�ekle�tirildi�i g�r�lmektedir. Ayr�ca, �al��ma sonucunda yap�lan tezlerin en �ok Trakya ve Anadolu �niversitelerinde y�r�t�ld�� g�r�lmektedir. Sonu� olarak, konu ile ilgili yap�lan lisans�st� tez say�s�n�n az oldu�u belirlenmi� ve ara�t�rmac�lara y�nelik �e�itli �nerilerde bulunulmu�tur.

Instructors from the Perspectives of Faculty of Education Students | E�itim Fak�ltesi ��rencileri G�z�yle ��retim Elemanlar�

Seda G�ND�ZALP, Z�lf� DEM�RTA� — 2020-08-01

Faculty members have a duty to contribute to the learning and development of the students they teach with both their academic studies and their knowledge. By fulfilling these responsibilities, the lecturers will directly provide the ground for the country�s level of education and indirect development. It is thought that how the behaviors of the instructor is perceived by the students is one of the determinants of whether the instructors fulfill their responsibilities. In this context, in this research, it is aimed to reveal the perceptions of the instructor by means of metaphor. The study group of the study, which was designed in fundamental qualitative research, which is one of the qualitative research methods, consists of the last year students studying at F�rat University Faculty of Education. After the interviews with the students, the data obtained through the data collection tool were subjected to content analysis. As a result of the analysis, it was determined that students produced positive, negative, and metaphors containing both positive and negative expressions for the faculty members. The fact that the students who participated in the research simulated a negative metaphor as much as a metaphor containing almost positive meaning towards instructors was a noteworthy and questioning finding.

��retim elemanlar�n�n hem akademik �al��malar�yla bilime hem de bilgi birikimleriyle ders verdikleri ��rencilerin ��renmelerine ve geli�imlerine katk� sunma g�revleri vard�r. ��retim elemanlar� bu sorumluluklar� yerine getirmekle do�rudan �lkenin e�itim seviyesinin y�kselmesine, dolayl� olarak da kalk�nmas�na zemin sa�lam�� olacakt�r. ��retim eleman�n�n davran��lar�n�n ��renciler taraf�ndan alg�lan��, ��retim elemanlar�n�n sorumluluklar�n� yerine getirip getirmedi�inin belirleyicisi olan fakt�rlerden biri oldu�u d��n�lmektedir. Bu ba�lamda bu ara�t�rmada ��rencilerin ��retim eleman� alg�lar�n�n metafor arac�l��yla ortaya ��kar�lmas� ama�lanm��t�r. Nitel ara�t�rma y�ntemlerinden olan temel nitel desende (fundamential qualitative research) tasarlanan ara�t�rman�n �al��ma grubunu F�rat �niversitesi E�itim Fak�ltesi�nde ��renim g�ren son s�n�f ��rencileri olu�turmaktad�r. �al��ma grubunda yer alan ��rencilerle yap�lan g�r��meler sonras�nda veri toplama arac� ile elde edilen veriler i�erik analizine tabi tutulmu�tur. Yap�lan analiz sonucunda, ��rencilerin ��retim �yelerine y�nelik olumlu, olumsuz ve hem olumlu hem olumsuz ifade i�eren metafor �rettikleri tespit edilirken ara�t�rmaya kat�lan ��rencilerin ��retim elemanlar�na y�nelik neredeyse olumlu anlam i�eren metafor kadar olumsuz anlaml� metafor ile benzetim yapm�� olmalar� dikkat �eken ve sorgulay�c� bir bulgu olmu�tur.

Investigating the Predictive Effects of Gender Perceptions and Cognitive Distortions on Social Anxiety | Toplumsal Cinsiyet Alg�s� ve Bili�sel �arp�tmalar�n Sosyal Kayg� �zerindeki Yorday�c� Etkisinin �ncelenmesi

�eyma B�LG�Z �ZT�RK, �smail AY — 2020-08-01

The aim of this study was to examine the social anxiety levels of college students in terms of their gender perceptions and cognitive distortions. In this study, the correlational survey model was applied. The data were collected from 1053 undergraduates who were studying at seven different faculties of Ataturk University during the 2017-2018 academic year. In order to collect the data, one form and three different scales were used. First, a Personal Information Form was used to obtain the demographic information of participants, which questioned the gender, the faculty, and the class of the students, the place of residence for the most extended period of time, and the existence of a close relationship. Second, the Social Anxiety Scale was used to determine students� social anxiety levels. Third, the Gender Roles Attitude Scale was used to determine gender perceptions. And finally, the Interpersonal Cognitive Distortions Scale was used to measure the cognitive distortions of students. SPSS software was used to analyse the data. In the analyses, independent samples t-test, oneway ANOVA, Pearson correlation analysis, and multiple regression analysis were applied. The analysis results showed that there was a significant positive correlation between the cognitive distortions and the social anxiety levels of the students. There was a significant negative correlation between equality perceptions regarding gender and social anxiety. In this study, cognitive distortions were found to predict 25.4% of the social anxiety and 2.4% of the gender perceptions of the students. Obtained results were discussed in the findings section of the thesis by means of related literature. Some suggestions were offered for future studies.

Bu �al��mada, �niversite ��rencilerinin sosyal kayg� d�zeylerinin, toplumsal cinsiyet alg�lar� ve bili�sel �arp�tmalar� a��s�ndan incelenmesi ama�lanm��t�r. Ara�t�rmada ili�kisel tarama y�ntemi kullan�lm��t�r. Atat�rk �niversitesi, 2017-2018 e�itim ��retim y�l�nda yedi farkl� fak�ltede ��renim g�rm��, 1053 ��renci �al��ma grubunu olu�turmaktad�r. Ara�t�rmada kullan�lan �Ki�isel Bilgi Formu� kat�l�mc�lar�n cinsiyet, fak�lte, s�n�f, en uzun s�re ikamet edilen yer ve kar�� cinsten yak�n bir ili�kinin olup olmad��n� belirlemeyi ama�layan demografik bilgileri i�ermektedir. ��rencilerin �Sosyal Kayg� �l�e�i� sosyal kayg� d�zeylerini belirlemek i�in; �Toplumsal Cinsiyet Rolleri Tutum �l�e�i� toplumsal cinsiyet alg�lar�n� belirleyebilmek i�in ve ��li�kilerle �lgili Bili�sel �arp�tmalar �l�e�i� ise bili�sel �arp�tmalar�n� �l�ebilmek amac� ile kullan�lm��t�r. Veriler, SPSS program�nda betimsel analizler, ba��ms�z �rneklemler i�in t-testi, tek y�nl� varyans analizi, Pearson korelasyon analizi ve �oklu regresyon analizi ile de�erlendirilmi�tir.

De�erlendirmeler sonucunda, sosyal kayg� ile bili�sel �arp�tmalar aras�nda pozitif y�nde, sosyal kayg� ile toplumsal cinsiyete dair e�itlik�ilik alg�s� aras�nda ise negatif y�nde anlaml� bir ili�ki oldu�u saptanm��t�r. Sosyal kayg�n�n % 25.4 d�zeyinde bili�sel �arp�tmalar, % 2.4 d�zeyinde ise toplumsal cinsiyet alg�lar� taraf�ndan yordand�� bulgusuna eri�ilmi� ve sonu�lar literat�r varl��nda de�erlendirilerek, gelecekte yapilacak �al��malara y�nelik �neriler sunulmu�tur.

The First Assessment on Post Graduate Theses in Ornithology in Turkey | T�rkiye�de Ornitoloji Alan�ndaki Lisans�st� Tezler �zerine �lk De�erlendirme

Esra PER, H�z�r UZUNER — 2020-08-01

Postgraduate theses in the field of ornithology have been prepared at universities in Turkey. However, no assessment has been made in terms of different criteria on this subject across the country. The theses in the field of ornithology in the �National Thesis Center� database of the Higher Education Council (Y�K) were searched using different terms. The theses were examined according to year, university, institute, department, degree (master � doctorate), geographical region, province, gender, language and research method used. As a result of the research; it has been determined that 268 theses (79% Ms, 21% Ph.D.) have been completed in 49 state universities in ornithology between 1985 - 2019 in Turkey. 71% of the theses have been completed in the biology department and in the last 10 years, there has been a remarkable increase in ornithology-based researches, especially in the Faculties of Forestry. The greatest number of theses in the field of ornithology were prepared at S�leyman Demirel University and Hacettepe University. Gender ratio of researchers; 36% were female and 64% were male. 70% of the research was planned based on observation and carried out using binoculars and telescope. With this research, the history and general status of ornithology-based postgraduate theses have been revealed. It is considered that the results obtained will be a reference for further researches in this field in the coming years.

T�rkiye�deki �niversitelerde Ornitoloji alan�nda lisans�st� tezler haz�rlanmaktad�r. Ancak �lke genelinde bu konuda farkl� kriterler a��s�ndan bir de�erlendirme yap�lmam��t�r. Y�ksek ��retim Kurulu (Y�K) �Ulusal Tez Merkezi� veri taban�nda yer alan ornitoloji alan�ndaki tezler farkl� terimler kullan�larak ara�t�r�lm��t�r. Tespit edilen tezler y�l, �niversite, enstit�, Anabilim Dal�, d�zeyi (y�ksek lisans - doktora), co�rafi b�lge, il, cinsiyet, dil ve kullan�lan ara�t�rma y�ntemine g�re incelenmi�tir. Ara�t�rma sonucunda T�rkiye�de 1985 - 2019 y�llar� aras�nda ornitoloji alan�nda toplam 49 devlet �niversitesinde lisans�st� d�zeyde 268 tez (%79 YL, %21 DR) tamamlanm�� oldu�u tespit edilmi�tir. Tezlerin %71�i Biyoloji b�l�m�nde tamamlanm�� olup son 10 y�lda �zellikle Orman Fak�ltelerinde ornitoloji temelli ara�t�rmalarda dikkat �ekici bir art�� olmu�tur. Ornitoloji alan�nda en fazla tez S�leyman Demirel �niversitesi ve Hacettepe �niversitesi�nde haz�rlanm��t�r. Ara�t�rmac�lar�n %36 kad�n ve %64 erkektir. Ara�t�rmalar�n %70�i g�zlem temelli olarak planlanarak d�rb�n ve teleskop kullan�larak ger�ekle�tirilmi�tir. Bu ara�t�rma ile ornitoloji temelli lisans�st� tezlerin tarih�esi ve genel durumu ortaya ��kar�lm��t�r. Elde edilen sonu�lar�n gelecek y�llarda bu alanda yap�lacak ba�ka ara�t�rmalar i�in referans olaca�� d��n�lmektedir.

Examining Self-Esteem and Various Demographic Variables As a Predictor of University Students� Psychological Resilience | �niversite ��rencilerinin Psikolojik Sa�laml��n�n Yorday�c�s� Olarak Benlik Sayg�s� ve �e�itli Demografik De�i�kenlerin �ncelenmesi

Fati̇h CAMADAN, Sevde NUR KIRA� — 2020-08-01

The aim of this study was to investigate self-esteem and various demographic variables as predictors of psychological resilience. This study, which was designed based on a quantitative research approach, was conducted with 348 university students (female=212, male=136) studying at various programs of Recep Tayyip Erdo�an University and Avrasya University (Psychology, Psychological Counseling, and Guidance, Social Work, Economics, Theology, Sports Management). Two-Dimensional Self-Esteem Scale adapted to Turkish by Do�an (2011) and the Brief Resilience Scale adapted to Turkish by Do�an (2015) were used in the study. The data obtained from the study were analyzed by independent-samples t-test, one-way ANOVA, and multiple regression analysis. As a result of the study, it was determined that self-liking and self-competence, which are the dimensions of self-esteem, explained psychological resilience significantly. Gender, grade level, department, whether the department was in the field of mental health, and the average grade and number of siblings were not significant predictors of psychological resilience.

Bu �al��man�n amac� psikolojik sa�laml��n yorday�c�s� olarak benlik sayg�s� ve �e�itli demografik de�i�kenlerin incelenmesidir. Nicel ara�t�rma yakla��m�na dayal� olarak tasarlanm�� olan bu �al��ma Recep Tayyip Erdo�an �niversitesi ve Avrasya �niversitesi�nin �e�itli programlar�nda (Psikoloji, Psikolojik Dan��ma ve Rehberlik, Sosyal Hizmet, �ktisat, �lahiyat, Spor Y�neticili�i) ��renim g�rmekte olan 348 �niversite ��rencisiyle (kad�n=212, erkek=136) ger�ekle�tirilmi�tir. �al��mada Do�an (2011) taraf�ndan T�rk�e�ye uyarlanm�� olan �ki Boyutlu Benlik Sayg�s� �l�e�i ile Do�an (2015) taraf�ndan T�rk�e�ye uyarlanan K�sa Psikolojik Sa�laml�k �l�e�i kullan�lm��t�r. Ara�t�rmadan elde edilen veriler, ili�kisiz �rneklemler i�in t-testi, tek y�nl� ANOVA ve �oklu regresyon analizi ile analiz edilmi�tir. Ara�t�rma sonucunda, benlik sayg�s�n�n boyutlar� olan kendini sevme ve �z yeterli�in psikolojik sa�laml�� anlaml� �ekilde a��klad�� belirlenmi�tir. Demografik de�i�kenlerden olan cinsiyet, s�n�f d�zeyi, ��renim g�r�len program, ��renim g�r�len program�n ruh sa�l�� alan�nda olup olmad��, not ortalamas� ve karde� say�s�n�n ise psikolojik sa�laml��n anlaml� birer yorday�c�s� olmad�� saptanm��t�r.

General Picture of English Language Teaching Programs and Students in Turkey | T�rkiye�deki �ngilizce ��retmenli�i Programlar�n�n ve ��rencilerinin Genel G�r�n�m�

Mehmet ASMALI — 2020-08-01

English language teaching (henceforth ELT) has always been criticized due to the performance of Turkey in global English proficiency indices and students� lack of speaking ability. Despite several attempts to change language teaching programs, it cannot be claimed that the situation has transformed. ELT programs and students studying in these programs as one of the major elements of language teaching and learning issues in the country have been investigated in this study. The statistics regarding ELT programs and ELT students between the years 2016 and 2019 have been taken from Y�K Atlas, an online platform launched by the Council of Higher Education. The statistical data taken from this platform were analyzed, taking students� gender, educational background, university preferences, and foreign language test mean scores as well as ELT programs� academic staff, performance in exchange programs, and students� program preference statistics into account. The statistics indicated the dominance of female students and relatively low English proficiency of the students in ELT programs. Assistant professors were found to be the leading academic staff in these programs. Moreover, ELT students� preferences with regard to geographical proximity and availability of student exchange programs have been provided in the findings. Finally, some potential future research topics have been suggested.

�ngilizce dil ��retimi, T�rkiye�nin k�resel �ngilizce yeterlilik endekslerindeki performans� ve ��rencilerin konu�ma becerisi eksikli�i nedeniyle her zaman ele�tirilmi�tir. Dil ��retim programlar�n� de�i�tirmek i�in yap�lan �e�itli giri�imlere ra�men, durumun de�i�ti�i iddia edilemez. Bu �al��mada, �lkemizde dil ��retimi ve ��renimi konusunun en �nemli unsurlar�ndan biri olan �ngilizce ��retmenli�i programlar� ve bu programlarda okuyan ��renciler ara�t�r�lm��t�r. 2016-2019 y�llar� aras�nda �ngilizce ��retmenli�i programlar�na ve ��rencilerine ili�kin istatistikler, Y�ksek��retim Kurulu taraf�ndan ba�lat�lan �evrimi�i bir platform olan Y�K Atlas�tan al�nm��t�r. Bu platformdan al�nan istatistiki veriler, ��rencilerin cinsiyeti, e�itim ge�mi�leri, �niversite tercihleri, yabanc� dil testi ortalama skorlar� ile birlikte �ngilizce ��retmenli�i programlar�n�n akademik kadrosu, de�i�im programlar� performans� ve ��rencilerin programlar� tercih istatistikleri al�narak analiz edilmi�tir. �statistikler, k�z ��rencilerin bu programdaki say�ca �st�nl��n� ve ��rencilerin nispeten d��k �ngilizce yeterlili�ini g�stermi�tir. Doktor ��retim �yesi pozisyonu bu programlarda say�ca �nde gelen akademik personel olarak bulunmu�tur. Ayr�ca bulgularda �ngilizce ��retmenli�i ��rencilerinin �niversite tercihlerinde co�rafi yak�nl�k ve ��renci de�i�im programlar�n�n mevcudiyeti ile ilgili tercihleri sunulmu�tur. Son olarak, gelecekteki baz� potansiyel ara�t�rma konular� �nerilmi�tir.

A Survey Development Study for Determining the Characteristics of Foreign Students | Yabanc� Uyruklu ��renci �zelliklerinin Belirlenmesine Y�nelik Bir Anket Geli�tirme �al��mas�

Arzu �DEN ACAR, Derya ASLAN HUYAR, Elif ERT�RK, Yeliz �APULU ALAKAN — 2020-08-01

The number of foreign students in higher education institutions of Turkey are increasing within the scope of internationalization policies. The aim of this study is to develop a �Survey for Determining Foreign Student Characteristics� for assigning students� demographic, academic, socioeconomic, and cultural characteristics in Bursa Uluda� University Vocational School of Health Services. As a result of literature review, survey was discussed under demographic, academic, socioeconomic, and cultural dimensions. For the draft questionnaire consisting of 35 questions, expert opinion was applied, and five students were pre-applied. After the expert and student feedback, the reorganized questionnaire was reduced to 34 questions and applied to 50 students determined by a disproportionate stratified sampling method. The KGI values calculated for the four dimensions included in the questionnaire ranged from 0.91 to 1.00. The survey developed in this study is thought to contribute to the field in order to reveal the profile of foreign students and determine the needs of the students.

T�rkiye�deki y�ksek��retim kurumlar�nda ��renim g�ren yabanc� uyruklu ��renci say�s� uluslararas�la�ma politikalar� kapsam�nda art�� g�stermektedir. Bu �al��man�n amac�, Bursa Uluda� �niversitesi Sa�l�k Hizmetleri Meslek Y�ksekokulu�nda ��renim g�ren yabanc� uyruklu ��rencilerin demografik, akademik, sosyoekonomik ve k�lt�rel �zelliklerini tespit etmeye y�nelik �Yabanc� Uyruklu ��renci �zelliklerinin Belirlenmesi Anketi�ni geli�tirmektir. Anket, literat�r taramas� sonucunda belirlenen demografik, akademik, sosyoekonomik ve k�lt�rel boyutlarda ele al�nm��t�r. 35 sorudan olu�an taslak anket formu i�in uzman g�r��ne ba�vurulmu�, be� ��renci ile �n uygulama yap�lm��t�r. Uzman ve ��renci d�n�tleri sonras�nda yeniden d�zenlenen anket 34 soruya indirilmi� ve orant�s�z tabakal� �rnekleme y�ntemi ile belirlenen 50 ��renciye uygulanm��t�r. Ankette yer alan d�rt boyut i�in hesaplanan KG� de�erleri 0.91 ile 1.00 aras�nda de�i�mektedir. Bu ara�t�rmada geli�tirilen anketin, yabanc� uyruklu ��renci profilini ortaya ��karmak ve ��rencilerin gereksinimlerini belirlemek konusunda alana katk� sa�layaca�� d��n�lmektedir.

Investigation of Know, Want to know, Learned (KWL) Charts and Views of In-Service Science Teachers and Pre-Service Teachers Related to Inquiry-Based Astronomy Education | Fen Bilimleri ��retmenleri ile ��retmen Adaylar�n�n Sorgulama Temelli Astronomi E�itimine �li�kin G�r��lerinin ve Bil, �ste ve ��ren �emalar�n�n �ncelenmesi

Ay�e ARSLAN, Ezgi TAYLAN KOPARAN, Timur KOPARAN — 2020-08-01

With this study, it was aimed to examine the opinions of science teachers and pre-service teachers about inquiry-based astronomy education and the charts of knowing, wanting to know, learning (KWL). A case study, one of the qualitative research methods, was used in the study. Semi-structured interview forms and KWL charts were used as data collection tools. The obtained data were analyzed by descriptive analysis method. The study was carried out with 32 pre-service science teachers who are in the 3rd grade of a university and 32 science in-service teachers who are responsible for teaching astronomy subjects in a different province, chosen with a purposive sampling method. In the main findings emerging in the analysis of qualitative data, it was determined that science teachers and pre-service teachers have an idea about guided inquiry, and their answers regarding structured and open inquiry differed. Regarding the inquiry-based astronomy education expectations and whether the expectations were met, it was observed that participants� responses varied. In addition, it was determined that the opinions stated in the KWL charts were affected by the content of the training. It is recommended to support the use of KWL charts in inquiry-based educational environments and to expand their use in teaching astronomy subjects in science education.

Bu ara�t�rma ile fen bilimleri ��retmenleri ile ��retmen adaylar�n�n sorgulama temelli astronomi e�itimine ili�kin g�r��lerinin ve Bil�ste- ��ren (KWL) �emalar�n�n incelenmesi ama�lanm��t�r. Ara�t�rmada nitel ara�t�rma y�ntemlerinden durum �al��mas� kullan�lm��t�r. Veri toplama arac� olarak yar� yap�land�r�lm�� g�r��me formlar� ve Bil, �ste ve ��ren �emalar�ndan yararlan�lm��t�r. Elde edilen veriler betimsel analiz y�ntemiyle analiz edilmi�tir. Ara�t�rma, ama�l� �rnekleme ile se�ilen bir �niversitenin astronomi dersi almam�� 3. s�n�flar�n� olu�turan 32 fen bilimleri ��retmen aday� ile farkl� bir ilde g�rev yapan ve astronomi konular�n� ��retme sorumlulu�u bulunan 32 fen bilimleri ��retmeni ile y�r�t�lm��t�r. Nitel verilerin analizinde ortaya ��kan temel bulgularda; ��retmen adaylar�n�n ve ��retmenlerin rehberli sorgulamaya ili�kin fikir sahibi oldu�u, yap�land�r�lm�� ve a��k sorgulamaya ili�kin cevaplar�n�n farkl�la�t�� tespit edilmi�tir. Sorgulama temelli astronomi e�itimi beklentilerinde ve beklentilerin kar��lanma durumunda ise kat�l�mc� cevaplar�n�n �e�itlendi�i g�r�lm��t�r. Ayr�ca Bil, �ste ve ��ren �emalar�nda belirtilen g�r��lerin e�itimin i�eri�inden etkilendi�i tespit edilmi�tir. Sorgulamaya dayal� e�itim ortamlar�nda Bil, �ste ve ��ren �emalar�n�n kullan�m�n�n desteklenmesi ve fen e�itiminde astronomi konular�n�n ��retiminde kullan�lmas�n�n yayg�nla�t�r�lmas� �nerilmektedir.

Analysis of the Visitor Data of a Higher Education Institution Website | Bir Y�ksek��retim Kurumu Web Sitesinin Ziyaret�i Verisi Analizi

�mer AYDIN — 2020-08-01

In today�s world, the internet affects every aspect of human life; it has caused changes in corporate websites as well as in many other areas. Corporate websites should be more dynamic, more interactive, and more compatible with new technologies. The interaction of the web site with users, search engines, and other devices has to be examined by experts, and improvements and changes should be made for this interaction. In this study, a higher education institution web site was examined. Visitor data collected between 2013 and 2019 were used for the analysis. In the study, which includes a wide range of examinations and data, important findings from traffic analysis to development suggestions were included. In particular, useful information has been obtained through the compatibility of the site with mobile devices, optimization of pictures and videos, geographical features of users, language options, and density analysis of the content accessed over time.

�nternetin insan ya�am�nda her alana tesir etti�i g�n�m�z d�nyas�nda, internet bir�ok alanda oldu�u gibi kurumsal web sitelerinde de de�i�ime neden olmu�tur. Kurumsal web siteleri daha dinamik, etkile�ime daha �ok olanak sa�layan ve yeni teknolojilere daha uyumlu olmal�d�r. Web sitesinin kullan�c�, arama motorlar� ve di�er cihazlarla etkile�iminin uzman ki�ilerce incelenmesi ve bu etkile�ime y�nelik geli�tirme ve de�i�ikliklerin yap�lmas� sitenin daha eri�ilebilir, esnek ve uyumlu olmas�n� sa�layacakt�r. Bu do�rultuda yap�lan bu �al��mada bir y�ksek��retim kurumuna ait web sitesinin verileri incelenmi�tir. �nceleme i�in 2013 y�l� ile 2019 y�l� aras�ndaki toplanm�� ziyaret�i verileri kullan�lm��t�r. Kapsaml� incelemelerin ve verilerin yer ald�� al��mada, ziyaret�i trafik analizinden geli�tirme �nerilerine kadar �nemli bir�ok noktaya yer verilmi�tir. �zellikle sitenin mobil cihazlar ile uyumlulu�u, resim ve videolar�n optimizasyonu, kullan�c�lar�n demografik �zellikleri, dil se�enekleri ile eri�ilen i�eri�in zamana g�re yo�unlu�u analizleri ile faydal� bilgilere ula��lm��t�r.

Investigation of E-learning Readiness of Rail System Program Students: The Sample of Refahiye Vocational High School | Rayl� Sistemler Program� ��rencilerinin E-��renmeye Haz�rbulunu�luklar�n�n �ncelenmesi: Refahiye Meslek Y�ksekokulu �rne�i

Ferdi BAHADIR — 2020-08-01

In this study, the readiness of the e-learning of Vocational High School students was investigated. The research was carried out on students studying in a Vocational School. According to the research findings, while e-learning readiness does not differ significantly according to gender and class, it differs significantly in favor of students who have personal computers in the �computer self-efficacy� sub-dimension of the scale. In the sub-dimensions of �self-learning� and motivation for e-learning of the scale, a significant difference was found between distance education students and formal education students in favor of distance education students In terms of averages; it was observed that students perceived themselves as neither sufficient nor insufficient in the �motivation for e-learning� sub-dimension and that students perceived themselves as sufficient in other sub-dimensions and in the whole scale. While significant positive correlations were observed between the entire scale and all of its sub-dimensions, the strongest relationship was observed between self-learning �and� learner control sub-dimensions. At this point, it is important to determine the knowledge, skills, and especially attitudes necessary for e-learning and to provide these knowledge, skills, and attitudes to the students before an online education is provided.

Bu �al��mada Meslek Y�ksekokulu ��rencilerinin e-��renmeye haz�rbulunu�luklar� ara�t�r�lm��t�r. Ara�t�rma bir Meslek Y�ksekokulunda ��renim g�ren ��renciler �zerinde y�r�t�lm��t�r. Ara�t�rma bulgular�na g�re e-��renmeye haz�rbulunu�luk cinsiyet ve s�n�fa g�re anlaml� olarak farkl�la�mazken, �l�e�in �bilgisayar �z-yeterli�i� alt boyutunda ki�isel bilgisayara sahip olan ��renciler lehine anlaml� olarak farkl�la�maktad�r. �l�e�in �kendi kendine ��renme� ve �e-��renmeye y�nelik motivasyon� alt boyutlar�nda ise uzaktan e�itim ��rencileri ile �rg�n e�itim ��rencileri aras�nda uzaktan e�itim alan ��renciler lehine anlaml� fark belirlenmi�tir. Ortalamalar a��s�ndan �e-��renmeye y�nelik motivasyon� alt boyutunda ��rencilerin kendilerini ne yeterli ne yetersiz olarak alg�lad�klar�, di�er alt boyutlarda ve �l�e�in tamam�nda ��rencilerin kendilerini yeterli olarak g�rd�kleri g�zlenmi�tir. �l�e�in tamam� ile t�m alt boyutlar� aras�nda anlaml� pozitif ili�kiler g�zlenirken, en g��l� ili�ki �kendi kendine ��renme� ile ��renen kontrol� alt boyutlar� aras�nda g�zlenmi�tir. Bu noktada �evrimi�i e�itim verilmeden �nce, e-��renme i�in gerekli bilgi, beceri ve �zellikle tutumlar�n tespit edilip bir oryantasyon e�itimi ile bu bilgi, beceri ve tutumlar�n ��rencilere kazand�r�lmas� �nemli g�r�lmektedir.

The Effects of Psychodrama on Emotional Expression and Spontaneity of University Students Suffering Alexithymia | Aleksitimi Belirtileri Olan �niversite ��rencilerinin Duygu �fadeleri ve Spontanl�klar� �zerine Psikodraman�n Etkisi

�zlem �ENER, Serhat Arma�an K�SEO�LU — 2020-08-01

This study was carried out to analyze the effects of psychodrama with psychodrama exercises and group therapy to decrease alexithymic symptoms and increase the level of emotional recognition, expression, and spontaneity of university students who suffer from alexithymia. The Control group pretest-posttest semi-experimental design was used. 20 freshmen with alexithymia were selected among 26 students and equally divided into experimental and control groups. To collect data, the Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS), Emotional Expression Questionnaire (EEQ), and Revised Spontaneity Assessment Inventory (SAI-R) were used. To construct the experimental and control groups TAS, EEQ, and SAI-R were applied to 290 freshman students at Hasan Ali Yucel Faculty of Education in 2017-2018. The subjects whose alexithymic levels were high were assigned to these groups. The experimental results show that psychodrama group therapy was effective in decreasing the alexithymia levels of the university students who suffered from it. It also has increased the emotional expression and spontaneity levels.

Bu ara�t�rma aleksitimik �zelliklere sahip �niversite ��rencileriyle yap�lan psikodrama oturumlar�n�n aleksitimik belirtileri azaltmada, duygular� tan�ma, ifade etme ve spontanl�k d�zeyini art�rmadaki etkisinin incelenmesi amac�yla ger�ekle�tirilmi�tir. G�n�m�zde bireylerdeki aleksitimik belirtilerde g�r�len art�� bu ara�t�rmay� �nemli k�lmaktad�r. Ara�t�rman�n modeli �n test-son test kontrol gruplu yar� deneysel desendir. Ara�t�rman�n amac� do�rultusunda 290 ��renciye Toronto Aleksitimi �l�e�i, Duygular� �fade Etme �l�e�i ve Spontanl�k De�erlendirme �l�e�i uygulanm�� ve aleksitimi d�zeyi y�ksek olan ��renciler belirlenmi�tir. Aleksitimi d�zeyi y�ksek bulunan 26 ��renci aras�ndan 10 deney 10 kontrol grubu olmak �zere 20 ��renci se�ilmi�tir. Elde edilen veriler nonparametrik teknikler ile analiz edilmi�tir. Yap�lan ara�t�rma sonucunda aleksitimik ��rencilerin aleksitimi belirtilerinin azalmas�nda psikodraman�n etkili oldu�u sonucuna var�lm��t�r. Ayn� zamanda psikodraman�n, ��rencilerin duygular�n� ifade etme becerilerini ve spontanl�k d�zeylerini art�rmada etkili oldu�u tespit edilmi�tir.

Teachers� Pedagogical Beliefs and Classroom Management Practices in Constructivist Teaching | Yap�land�rmac� ��retimde S�n�f ��retmenlerinin ��renme/��retmeye Y�nelik �nan�lar� ve S�n�f Y�netimi Uygulamalar�

Somayyeh RADMARD — 2020-08-01

This study explored teachers� pedagogical (learning/teaching) beliefs and their reflection on classroom management practice in the context of constructivist (learner-centered) teaching. This study was a case study as a naturalistic inquiry. For this purpose, semi-structured interviews and metaphors were employed with purposively selected participants to gain an in-depth understanding of pedagogical (learning/teaching) beliefs, their reflection on classroom management practice. To support data collected through interviews, secondary data was obtained from metaphors. The analysis of the interviews with the teachers showed that the participant teachers were constructive pedagogical beliefs about learning/teaching. Classroom management practices were considerably affected by constructive pedagogical belief systems, and it was shaped accordingly. Essentially, teachers� perception of learning and teaching is one of the most valuable determinants of teachers� classroom management practices. Therefore, various recommendations were offered in teacher education in the context of teacher training.

Bu �al��mada, yap�land�rmac� ��retim ba�lam�nda s�n�f ��retmenlerinin ��renme/��retmeye y�nelik inan�lar�n� ve bu inan�lar�n s�n�f y�netimi uygulamalar�na yans�ma durumlar� incelenmi�tir. �al��ma nitel ara�t�rma perspektifinde, bir durum �al��mas� olarak ger�ekle�tirilmi�tir. Bu ama�la, s�n�f ��retmenlerinin pedagojik inan�lar� ve s�n�f y�netimi uygulamalar�na y�nelik derinlemesine bir anlay�� elde etmek amac�yla se�ilmi� kat�l�mc�lar ile yar� yap�land�r�lm�� g�r��meler ger�ekle�tirilmi�tir. G�r��meler yoluyla toplanan verileri desteklemek ad�na metaforik ak�l y�r�tme formu ile ikincil veriler de toplanm��t�r. G�r��me sorular�na verilen cevaplar�n analizinde, kat�l�mc� ��retmenlerin ��renme/��retmeye y�nelik yap�land�rmac� pedagojik inan�lar ta��d�� g�r�lm��t�r. S�n�f y�netimi uygulamalar�n�n ise yap�land�rmac� pedagojik inan� sistemlerinden ciddi derecede etkilendi�i ve buna g�re �ekillendi�i tespit edilmi�tir. Bu �al��mada, esas itibariyle, ��retmenlerin s�n�f y�netimi uygulamalar�n�n temel belirleyicisi, onlar�n ��renme ve ��retme olgusunu nas�l alg�lad�klar� ile ilgili oldu�u d��n�lmektedir. Dolay�s�yla bu ba�lamda, ��retmen e�itimi ad�na �e�itli �nerilerde bulunulmu�tur.

Evaluations of Post-Secondary Vocational Schools Employees on the Institutional and General Performance of These Schools | Meslek Y�ksekokulu (MYO) �al��anlar�n�n Bu Okullar�n Kurumsal ve Genel Performans�na �li�kin De�erlendirmeleri

Asl� G�NAY, �mer A�IKG�Z, Zafer �EL�K, Murat �ZT�RK — 2020-08-01

Academic research, policymakers, and industry representatives have expressed that the post-secondary vocational schools in Turkey cannot adequately fulfill their missions and work efficiently, and also they have problems in gaining the skills needed by the sector to graduates. To solve these problems, improve their efficiency and quality and strengthen their relations with the sector, many regulations have been made in recent years by the relevant supreme institutions. However, self-assessment of employees of their schools from inside, who are responsible for carrying out the mission of their schools, will shed light on all parties in understanding and identifying their problems and possible solutions for them. This study tries to investigate how the regulations made for qualitative improvement in the post-secondary vocational schools have affected the general and institutional performance of these schools in recent years. In this context, a scanning study was done for the post-secondary vocational schools� employees to determine the general and institutional performance of these schools. The target audience of this scanning study was quite extensive, and a related survey was conducted to 13501 employees of the post-secondary vocational schools. Answers of the respondents were analyzed by using exploratory factor analysis and some indexes were generated. As a result of this research, general performance of the post-secondary vocational schools was defined at the �middle� level by the employees of these schools. Besides, employees of post-secondary vocational schools were assessed their schools� institutional performance, and employees found their own schools �partly successful�. The findings of this research revealed that, contrary to the general perception, according to the employees of the post-secondary vocational schools, both the general and institutional performance of the post-secondary vocational schools were �partly successful�.

Akademik ara�t�rmalar, politika yap�c�lar ve end�striyel hayat�n temsilcileri T�rkiye�de meslek y�ksekokullar�n�n misyonunu yeterince yerine getirmedi�ini, verimli �al��mad�klar�n�, sekt�r�n ihtiyac� olan becerileri mezunlara kazand�rma konusunda sorunlar ya�ad��n� dile getirmektedir. Bu sorunlar� ��zmek ve meslek y�ksekokullar�n�n verimlili�ini ve kalitesini geli�tirmek, sekt�rle ili�kisini g��lendirmek i�in ilgili �st kurumlar taraf�ndan son y�llarda �ok say�da d�zenleme yap�lm��t�r. Ayr�ca meslek y�ksekokullar�n�n misyonunu ger�ekle�tirmekle g�revli meslek y�ksekokulu �al��anlar�n�n bu okullar�n performans�n� de�erlendirmeleri, hem sorunlar�n anla��lmas� ve tan�mlanmas�, hem de olas� ��z�mler konusunda t�m taraflara ��k tutacakt�r. Bu �al��ma, son y�llarda meslek y�ksekokullar�nda nitel iyile�tirme i�in yap�lan d�zenlemelerin meslek y�ksekokullar�n�n genel performans�n� ve kurumsal performans�n� nas�l etkiledi�ini meslek y�ksekokullar�n�n �al��anlar� �zerinden ara�t�rmaya �al��maktad�r. Bu ba�lamda meslek y�ksekokullar�n�n genel ve kurumsal performans�n� tespit etmek i�in meslek y�ksekokullar� �al��anlar�na y�nelik bir tarama �al��mas� yap�lm��t�r. Tarama �al��mas�n�n hedef kitlesi olduk�a geni� tutularak t�m T�rkiye genelinde 13501 meslek y�ksekokulu �al��an�na konu ile ilgili anket uygulanm��t�r. Ara�t�rma kapsam�nda elde edilen veriler ile a��mlay�c� fakt�r analizi yap�lm�� ve endeksler olu�turulmu�tur. Ara�t�rma sonucunda meslek y�ksekokullar� �al��anlar�, meslek y�ksekokullar�n�n genel performans�n� �orta� d�zeyde tan�mlam��lard�r. Ayr�ca meslek y�ksekokullar� �al��anlar�ndan kendi �al��t�klar� meslek y�ksekokullar�n�n kurumsal performans�n� de�erlendirmeleri istenmi�, �al��anlar g�rev yapt�klar� meslek y�ksekokullar�n� �k�smen ba�ar�l�� bulmu�tur. Ara�t�rma sonucunda elde edilen bulgular, genel alg�n�n aksine meslek y�ksekokullar� �al��anlar�n�n meslek y�ksekokullar�n�n genel performans�n� ve kurumsal performans�n� �k�smen ba�ar�l�� bulduklar�n� ortaya koymu�tur.

Students� Perception of Discrimination Scale: A Reliability and Validity Study | ��rencilerin Ayr�mc�l�k Alg�s� �l�e�i: Ge�erlik ve G�venirlik �al��mas�

Safiye �i�dem G�REN, Murat �ZDEM�R, �ule �TKEN — 2020-08-01

In the present research, with the aim of developing �Students� Perception of Discrimination Scale (SPDS) to evaluate students� perception of discrimination at educational organizations the validity and reliability studies were conducted. The research was conducted with the participation of 293 university students from Gazi and Hacettepe Universities in Ankara. Within this scope, firstly pilot study of the scale was conducted and later final form of the scale with 16 items and one factor was applied to the participants. The data of the study was analyzed via exploratory factor analysis (EFA), confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and Cronbach�s Alpha coefficient. The findings of the analysis showed that SPDS was a valid and reliable instrument and it was convenient to be utilized in educational organizations.

Bu ara�t�rmada, e�itim �rg�tlerinde ��rencilerin ayr�mc�l�k alg�s�n� �l�meye y�nelik ��rencilerin Ayr�mc�l�k Alg�s� �l�e�i (�AA�)�ni geli�tirme amac�yla ge�erlik ve g�venirlik �al��malar� y�r�t�lm��t�r. Ara�t�rma, Ankara�da Gazi ve Hacettepe �niversitelerinde bulunan 293 �niversite ��rencisinin kat�l�m� ile ger�ekle�mi�tir. Bu kapsamda �ncelikle �l�e�in plot uygulamas� ger�ekle�tirilmi�, ard�ndan kat�l�mc�lara 16 madde ve tek fakt�rden olu�an nihai �l�ek formu �AA� uygulanm��t�r. Kat�l�mc�lar�n �l�ek maddelerine vermi� olduklar� cevaplar a��mlay�c� fakt�r analizi (AFA), do�rulay�c� fakt�r analizi (DFA) ve Cronbach�s Alpha katsay�s� ile ��z�mlenmi�tir. Analizler neticesinde elde edilen bulgular �AA֒n�n e�itim �rg�tlerinde kullan�lmaya elveri�li, ge�erli ve g�venilir bir �l�ek oldu�unu g�stermi�tir.

Determination of Nurses� Views of Their Responsibilities and Nursing Students in Clinical Practice | Hem�irelerin Klinik Uygulamada Kendi Sorumluluklar�na ve Hem�irelik ��rencilerine �li�kin G�r��lerinin Belirlenmesi

M�nevver S�NMEZ, �znur G�RLEK KISACIK, Naciye �ET�N — 2020-08-01

In the clinical education of nursing, it is very important for nurses working in the clinic to support education as well as teaching staff. The purpose of this study is to determine the nurses� responsibilities in clinical practice education and their views on the student nurses they work with. The universe of this descriptive and cross-sectional study consisted of 494 nurses working in internal and surgical clinics, adult intensive care and emergency departments of a university and a public hospital in Zonguldak, and a sample of 350 nurses. Research data were collected between 15 February and 31 May 2019 with a Questionnaire Form created by researchers using the literature. Descriptive statistical methods were used to evaluate the data. The average age of the nurses participating in the study was 33.07 � 7.37, and 68.3% were undergraduate graduates. 87.1% of nurses, nurses should guide students, about more than about three quarters (77.5%) feel that they are responsible for the education of students, but the number of students (68.3%) and high workload (55.7%) He stated that they could not spare enough time for students due to such reasons. While 45.4% of the nurses stated that working with student nurses increased job satisfaction, 40.1% of the time allocated to the patient, and the quality of patient care; More than half stated that they found the theoretical and skill education (62.6%) given to the students inadequate. In the study, it was determined by the nurses that they pay attention to the physical appearance of the students (form layout, self-care practices) (56.5%) and follow the hospital/service rules (48.0%). Nurses should be ensured to plan the clinical education improvement process in cooperation with the lecturers in clinical practices and to take more active responsibility in student education.

Hem�ireli�in klinik e�itiminde, ��retim elemanlar�n�n yan� s�ra klinikte �al��an hem�irelerin de e�itime destek vermesi �ok �nemlidir. Bu ara�t�rman�n amac�, hem�irelerin klinik e�itimde kendi sorumluluklar�na ve birlikte �al��t�klar� ��renci hem�irelere ili�kin g�r��lerini belirlemektir. Tan�mlay�c� ve kesitsel tipteki bu ara�t�rman�n evrenini Zonguldak�ta bulunan bir �niversite ve bir kamu hastanesinin dahili ve cerrahi klinikleri ile yeti�kin yo�un bak�m ve acil servislerinde �al��an 494 hem�ire, �rneklemini ise 350 hem�ire olu�turmu�tur. Ara�t�rma verileri 15 �ubat-31 May�s 2019 tarihleri aras�nda ara�t�rmac�lar taraf�ndan alanyaz�ndan yararlan�larak olu�turulan Anket Formu ile toplanm��t�r. Verilerin de�erlendirilmesinde tan�mlay�c� istatistiksel y�ntemler kullan�lm��t�r. Ara�t�rmaya kat�lan hem�irelerin ya� ortalamas� 33.07�7.37, %68.3�� lisans mezunudur. Hem�irelerin %87.1�i, hem�irelerin, ��rencilere rehber olmas� gerekti�ini, yakla��k d�rtte ��nden fazlas� (%77.5) kendilerini ��rencilerin e�itiminden sorumlu hissetti�ini, ancak ��renci say�lar�n�n (%68.3) ve i� y�k�n�n fazla olmas� (%55.7) gibi nedenlerle ��rencilere yeterli zaman ay�ramad�klar�n� ifade etmi�tir. Hem�irelerin %45.4�� renci hem�irelerle �al��man�n i� doyumunu, %40.1�i hastaya ayr�lan zaman� ve hasta bak�m kalitesini art�rd��n� ifade ederken; yar�s�ndan fazlas� ��rencilere okulda verilen teorik ve beceri e�itimini (%62.6) yetersiz buldu�unu belirtmi�tir. Ara�t�rmada, hem�ireler taraf�ndan ��rencilerin fiziksel g�r�n�mlerine (forma d�zeni, �z bak�m uygulamalar�) dikkat ettikleri (%56.5) ve hastane/servis kurallar�na uyduklar� (%48.0) belirlenmi�tir. Hem�irelerin, klinik uygulamalarda ��retim elemanlar� ile i� birli�i i�inde klinik e�itim iyile�tirme s�recini planlamalar� ve ��renci e�itiminde daha etkin sorumluluk almalar� sa�lanmal�d�r.